A stepper motor control is a specially constructed DC motor. It has 4 windings arranged such that instead of running in the usual continuous fashion the motor rotates in precise steps, from one fixed position to another. The common step sizes range from 0.9 to 30 degrees. The stepping action is achieved by proper combination
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Microcontrollers as the name suggests, are small controllers. They are like single chip computers that often embedded into other systems to function as processing / controlling unit, microcontrollers are single chip microcomputers. A microcontroller has a CPU (a microprocessor) in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and I/O parts and a timer on
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Memory Interfacing While executing a program, the microprocessor needs to access memory frequently to read instruction code and data stored in memory; the interfacing circuit enables that access. Memory has some signal requirements to write into and read from its registers. Similary, the microprocessor initiates a set of signals when it wants to read from
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Databases and database technology have a major impact on the growing use of computers. It is fair to say that databases play a critical role in almost all areas where computers are used, including business, electronic commerce, engineering, medicine, genetics, law, education, and library science. The word database is so commonly used that we must
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Step 1 : The delivery valve is closed and the suction pipe, casing and portion of the delivery pipe up to the delivery valve are completely filled with the liquid so that no air pocket is left. This process is called priming a Centrifugal Pump. Step 2 : The electric motor is started to rotate
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The reciprocating pumps is a positive displacement pump. It operates on the principle of actual displacement or pushing the liquid by a piston or plunger that reciprocates in a closely fitting cylinder. These pumps usually have one or more cylinders which are alternatively filled with liquid to be pumped and then emptied again. In this
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There are two methods of dimensional analysis used. Rayleigh’s method Buckingham π-Theorem Rayleigh’s Method In Rayleigh’s method, the expression is determined for a variable depending upon maximum three or four variables only. If the number of independent variables becomes more than four, it is very difficult to find the expression for the dependent variable. So,
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Most of the conventional pressure gauges are of a mechanical type. These gauges embody on elastic element which deflects under the action of the applied pressure. This movement mechanically magnified and read with the help of pointer and graduated scale. These pressure gauges are generally used for measuring high pressures and where the high precision
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Fluid may be defined as a substance which is capable of flowing. It has no definite shape of its own but it confirms the shape of the containing vessel. A small amount of shear force exerted on a fluid will cause it to undergo a deformation. It continues as long as the force is to
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Consider an open system through in which the working substance flows as a steady rate as shown in figure. The working substance entering the system at (1) and leaving the system at (2). Let, p1 be the pressure of the working substance entering the system (N/m²) v1 be the specific volume of the working substance
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