Electrical

Need for Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Power System A power system is said to be well designed if it gives a good quality of reliable supply, which means that the voltage levels must be within reasonable limits. Practically, all the equipment on the power system are designed to operate satisfactorily within voltage regulation variations

INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN USING COMPENSATORS – Linear System Design The control systems are designed to perform specific tasks in linear system design. The requirements of a control system are usually specified as performance specifications. The specifications are generally related to accuracy, relative stability and speed of response. In time domain, the transient state performance specifications

Introduction Avalanche Photodiode At the output end of an optical transmission line, avalanche photodiode there must be a receiving device which interprets the information contained in the optical signal. The first element of this receiver is a photodetector. The photodetector senses the luminescent power falling upon it and converts the variation of this optical power

Single-Mode Fiber Connectors Because of the wide use of single mode fiber connectors optic links and because of the greater alignment precision required for these systems, this section addresses single-mode connector coupling losses. Based on the gaussian-beam model of single-mode fiber fields the following equation gives the coupling loss (in decibels) between single-mode fibers that

Basics of serial communication The serial communication port is full duplex, meaning that it can transmit and receive simultaneously. It is also a receive buffered, meaning that it can commence reception of the second byte before a previously received byte has been read from the receive register. The serial communication port receive and transmit registers

One of the most important components in any optical fiber communication system is the optical fiber itself, since its transmission characteristics play a major role in determining the performance of the entire system. Some of the questions that arise concerning optical fiber communication are What is the structure of an optical fiber? How does light

Interfacing Microcontroller 8225 The INTEL 8255 is a general purpose programmable peripheral interface. It is used to perform a variety of input/output functions in a microcomputer system. It is a 40 pin DIP IC. It requires +5V DC power supply for its operations. The 8255 Interfacing the microprocessor/ microcontroller on one side with peripherals on

Bit addresses for I/O – Microcontroller 8051 Microcontroller 8051 contains four I/O ports. They are Port 0, Port 1, Port 2 and Port 3. All ports are 8 bit ports. So totally it contains 32 I/O pins that connects the 8051 to the outside world. Port 0 pins may be served as inputs, outputs or

Assembler and Addressing Mode 8051 Assembly language is the human language most closely tied to machine language. addressing mode 8051 It is usually written in instruction mnemonics. Once the program has been written in mnemonis, it is translated into machine code by a process known as assembly the program. Assembly language programming requires the use

Direct Electronics Supply  These lectures follow the traditional review of direct electronics supply circuits, with emphasis on two- terminal networks and equivalent circuits. The idea is to bring you up to speed for what is to come. The course will get less quantitative as we go along. In fact, you will probably find the course