Electrical

The principal light sources used for Optical Sources optic communication application are heterojunction-structured semiconductor laser diodes (also referred to as injection laser diodes or ILDs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs).  A heterojunction consists of two adjoining semiconductor materials with different band-gap energies. These devices are suitable for fiber transmission systems because they have adequate output power

COMPONENTS OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM The basic components of an automatic control system are error detector, Amplifier and Controller, Actuator (power actuator), plant and sensor or Feedback system. The block diagram of an automatic control system The plant is the open loop system whose output is automatically controlled by closed loop system. The combined unit

Intro Control System Engineering Control system engineering theory evolved as an engineering discipline and due to universality of the principles involved, it is extended to various fields like economy, sociology, biology, medicine, etc. Control theory has played a vital role in the advance of engineering and science. The automatic control has become an integral part

Generally microprocessor alone is not a self-sufficient system. Instruction Set Architecture of 8051 It requires other components like memory and input/output devices to form a minimum workable system. Intel corporation decided to integrate a microprocessor along with I/O ports, minimum memory, programmable timer in a single package. This self- sufficient device is called microcontroller. Thus

Optical Fiber Communications Ever since ancient times, people had a principal need to communicate with one another. This need created interests in devising communication systems for sending messages from one distant place to another. Optical communication methods were of special interest among the many systems that people tried to use. One of the earliest known

Multiprocessor Configurations A multiprocessor system will have two or more processors that can execute instructions or perform operations simultaneously. Need for Multiprocessor System Due to limited data width and lack of floating point arithmetic instructions, 8086 requires many instructions for computing even single floating point operation. For this Numeric Data Processor. Some processor like DMA

A 40 pin DIP Intel 8086 microprocessor is shown in image. 8086 microprocessor can operate in two modes. Minimum mode and maximum mode. The pins 24 to 31 have alternate functions for every mode. The 8086 is a 16 bit Microprocessor. Intel 8086 has a 16 bit Data bus. The 8086 has a 20 bit Address

Evolution Of Microprocessor 8085 : A evolution of microprocessor 8085 is known as a central processing unit (CUP). It is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 is a 4 bit processor. The first microprocessor to make it into