As the transport layer is built on top of the network layer, it is important to know the key features of the network layer service. There are two types of network layer services : connectionless and connection oriented. The connectionless network layer service is the most widespread. Its main characteristics are : the connectionless network
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What are the main methods supported by the first version of the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) defined in RFC 1945? What are the main types of replies sent by a http server? System administrators who are responsible for web servers often want to monitor these servers and check that they are running correctly. As a
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The Domain Name System (DNS) plays a key role in the Internet today as it allows applications to use fully qualified domain names (FQDN) instead of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. Many tools allow to perform queries through DNS servers. For this exercise, we will use dig which is installed on most Unix systems. A typical
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In contrast with OSI, the TCP/IP community did not spend a lot of effort defining a detailed reference model; in fact, the goals of the Internet architecture were only documented after TCP/IP reference model had been deployed. which defines the requirements for Internet hosts, mentions four different layers. Starting from the top, these are :
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Our reference model is divided into five layers, as shown in the figure below. Starting from the bottom, the first layer is the Physical layer. Two communicating devices are linked through a physical medium. This physical medium is used to transfer an electrical or optical signal between two directly connected devices. Several types of physical
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