Manometers is the device which is used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing the column of fluid by the same or another column of liquid. Simple Manometers Simple manometers are used to measure the pressure at a point in a fluid contained in a pipe or a vessel. It
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The surface tension is due to cohesion between particles at the free surface. Due to molecular attraction, liquids have properties of cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion is due to the force of attraction between molecules of same liquid. Otherwise, the intermolecular attraction holds the liquid molecules together known as cohesion. This force is very small. It
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Fluid may be defined as a substance which is capable of flowing. It has no definite shape of its own but it confirms the shape of the containing vessel. A small amount of shear force exerted on a fluid will cause it to undergo a deformation. It continues as long as the force is to
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The ideal body having large thermal energy capacity which either continuously supplies or absorbs the infinite amount of heat without changing its temperature is called thermal energy reservoir or heat reservoir. If the reservoir continuously supplies heat energy to the system, it is called a source. The source is always at higher temperature. If the
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The second law of thermodynamics is stated in two ways. Kelvin Planck statement and Clausius statement. Kelvin Planck Statement The Kelvin Planck statement can be expressed as “It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle process to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce an equivalent amount of work”. Otherwise, it
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Consider an open system through in which the working substance flows as a steady rate as shown in figure. The working substance entering the system at (1) and leaving the system at (2). Let, p1 be the pressure of the working substance entering the system (N/m²) v1 be the specific volume of the working substance
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In any systems, the rate of flow of working fluid is constant with respect to time, then the system is known as steady flow system. In this system, the mass of working fluid enters the system and leaves the system after doing the work. Therefore, this system is known as open system. From first law
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According to the first law of thermodynamics, all forms of energy are equivalent. One form of energy can be converted into other form and any process is possible as long as it does not create energy or destroy energy. Also, in a cyclic process, the heat is converted into work and vice versa. But in
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Zeroth law of thermodynamics states, “When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body separately, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other”. As shown in figure let, a system X be in thermal equilibrium with another system Y. Also, let, another system Z be in thermal equilibrium with the system Y.
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The message signal generated from the information source is also called baseband signal. The baseband signal can be a combination of two or more message signals. If the baseband signal is transmitted directly, then it is called baseband transmission. Thus baseband transmission does not use modulators and demodulators. The baseband signal can be both analog
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