Production of MAbs in culture bottles is low (5−10μg/ml), thus to increase the yield the hybrid cells are grown as ascites in the peritoneal cavity of mice. The ascitic fluid contains 5−20mg of MAb/ml, which is much superior to the in vitro cultivation techniques. Collection of MAbs from ascitic fluid has a heavy risk of contamination by pathogenic

Many biological preparation become unstable during storage and thus their safety and efficacy are reduced. Proteins and other macromolecules may be sensitive to heat, light, radiation, and environmental changes, or they may interact with the container materials or other components of the vaccine mixture. Determining these relationships and optimising stability from the time of production

Antibody mediated immunity refers to the destruction of antigens by producing antibodies, and as the antibodies are present in body fluids (humours), this type of immunity is also called humoral immunity. B-cells cannot bring about humoral immune response but needs the cooperation of other cells such as macrophages (f), T-helper cells (TH), and dendritic cells possessing high

Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement, but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Historically, the immune system was separated into two branches, cellular immunity; for which the protective function of immunisation

Human insulin was the first recombinant-derived product. It is used for the treatment of diabetes. Fredrick Sanger and his co-worker identified the insulin structure stating that it is made up of two polypeptide chains of A and B with a total 51 amino acid units (21 in A-chain and 30 in B-chain) held by disulphide

Interferons are low molecular weight proteins produced by virus infected cells, which in non-infected cells can induce the formation of a second protein. This protein has the ability to prevent transcription of any viral mRNA produced in that cell. Interferons exhibit antiviral activity, anti-proliferative activity, and many effects on the immune system. Interferons on the

Genetic engineering has an important role to play in the production of medicines. Microorganisms and plant-based substances are used for producing various drugs, vaccines, enzymes, and hormones at low costs. Genetic engineering involves the study of inheritance pattern of diseases in man and collection of human genes that provide a complete map for inheritance of

In recombinant DNA technology, many different techniques are used to achieve different requirements or to obtain proper information so that an exact inference can be drawn out during genetic engineering. Gel electrophoresis, blotting techniques, bot-blot hybridisation, DNA sequencing, artificial gene synthesis, polymerase chain reaction, colony hybridisation, are some of the important techniques used. Gel Electrophoresis