In any systems, the rate of flow of working fluid is constant with respect to time, then the system is known as steady flow system. In this system, the mass of working fluid enters the system and leaves the system after doing the work. Therefore, this system is known as open system. From first law
First Law of Thermodynamics – Applications to Open Systems Read More »
According to the first law of thermodynamics, all forms of energy are equivalent. One form of energy can be converted into other form and any process is possible as long as it does not create energy or destroy energy. Also, in a cyclic process, the heat is converted into work and vice versa. But in
Second Law of Thermodynamics – Pedagogy Zone Read More »
Zeroth law of thermodynamics states, “When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body separately, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other”. As shown in figure let, a system X be in thermal equilibrium with another system Y. Also, let, another system Z be in thermal equilibrium with the system Y.
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The message signal generated from the information source is also called baseband signal. The baseband signal can be a combination of two or more message signals. If the baseband signal is transmitted directly, then it is called baseband transmission. Thus baseband transmission does not use modulators and demodulators. The baseband signal can be both analog
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As we have seen in the preceding sections, the connection between transmitter an the receiver is established through communication channel. We have seen that communication can take place through wirelines, wireless or fibre optic channels. other media such as optical disks, magnetic tapes and disks etc. can also be called as communication channel, because they
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Fig shows the basic elements of a digital communication system. The source and the destination are the two physically separate points. When the signal travels in the communication channel, noise interferes with it. Because of this interference, the smeared or disturbed version of the input signal is received at the receiver. Therefore the signal received
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We know that electromagnetic waves have two fields. One field is electric field and other is magnetic at 90°. The direction of propagation of those waves is perpendicular to both electric and magnetic fields. The electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light (3 x 108m/sec). They can travel on electric conductors, in air, in
Electromagnetic Waves : The Carriers of Electric Signals Read More »
Before discussing about modulation and demodulation directly, we will consider an interesting example first. Let us consider that you want to send some “parcel” from Pune to Nasik. It is obvious that the parcel cannot move from Pune to Nasik on its own. What all you need to do is, to contact some courier company.
Modulation and Demodulation in Communication System Read More »
From the examples of communication discussed so far, now we can prepare the model of basic communication system. We know that for any communication to take place, three things are essential. They are, Transmitter (talker) Receiver (listener) and Channel or transmission medium. The above three things are present in any communication system. Whenever two people
Basic Communication System – Communication Engineering Read More »
What is Communication ? Communication is the process of establishing connection (or link) between two points for information exchange. In our day to day life we come across many ways of communicate. For communication to take place, three essential things must be present. Sender or Transmitter : It sends information. For example TV transmitting station
Basic Principles of Communication Engineering Read More »