May 10, 2021

Simple Structure MS-DOS written to provide the most functionality in the least space, Operating System Structures. Not divided into modules Although MS-DOS has some structure, its interfaces and levels of functionality are not well separated Layered Approach The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of lower layers.

API, an abbreviation of application program interface, is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications. A good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all the building blocks. A programmer then puts the blocks together. Most operating environments, such as MS-Windows, provide an API so that programmers can

Overloading binary operators can be overloaded just as easily as unary operators. We’ll look at examples that overload arithmetic operators, comparison operators, and arithmetic assignment operators. Arithmetic Operators In the ENGLCON program in before we showed how two English Distance objects could be added using a member function add_dist(): dist3.add_dist(dist1, dist2); By overloading binary operators

Let’s start off by overloading a unary operators. unary operators act on only one operand. (An operand is simply a variable acted on by an operator.) Examples of unary operators are the increment and decrement operators ++ and –, and the unary minus, as in -33. “Objects and Classes,” we created a class Counter to