In spite of the advantages of using a DBMS, there are a few situations in which a DBMS may involve unnecessary overhead costs that would not be incurred in traditional file processing. The overhead costs of using a DBMS are due to the following: High initial investment in hardware, software, and training The generality that
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We now give a brief historical overview of the applications that use DBMSs and how these applications provided the impetus for new types of database systems. Early Database Applications Using Hierarchical and Network Systems Many early database applications maintained records in large organizations such as corporations, universities, hospitals, and banks. In many of these applications,
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