Santhakumar Raja

Use of fertilised, embryonated chicken eggs is one of the cost-effective and convenient methods of cultivation for many animal viruses. A needle or syringe is put through a hole drilled in the shell to introduce the virus aseptically into the embryonated chicken eggs. The whole is sealed with paraffin and the eggs are incubated for 2−3 days

Industrial fermentation processes are mostly operated under vigorous aeration, maintaining the supply of sterilised air to the fermenter. Air filters should be attached to air input and exhaust ports for preventing the contamination of fermentation by air-borne microorganisms or of environment by aerosols generated within the fermenter. These air filters made up of glass fibre,

Sterile products are free of microbes, pyrogens, and particulates. They also possess high standards of purity and quality. Therefore, the sterilisation methods used during the manufacturing of sterile products should be evaluated and subjected to complex validation procedures. The final fate of sterility relies on official sterility tests. A manufacturing procedure is said to be

Salmonella typhi and Escherichia aerogen bacteria obtain carbon from citrate. This ability of utilizing citrate as the carbon and energy source is used as a distinguishing test for some Grods. Principle Simmons citrate agar containing sodium citrate as the carbon source is used to detect whether or not citrate is utilized by the organism. This

Transmission electron microscope utilise an electron beam which passes through and interacts with an ultra-thin sample to produce an image, which is then magnified and focused on an imaging device (a fluorescent screen), on a photographic film layer, or is detected with a sensor (a CCD camera). Max Kroll and Ernst Ruska designed the first

Scanning electron microscopy utilises electron beam for producing high-resolution images of sample surfaces. It forms 3-D view of the sample. It also gives the surface topography of the sample with sufficient clarity and depth of field. The most common SEM mode is detection of the secondary electrons emitted by the atoms excited by the electron

The term growth in microbiology indicates the magnitude of total population. Microbial growth measurement is essential for: Determining the growth and reproduction rate, Determining the suitability of water, milk, and food for human consumption, Counting microflora of soil, Monitoring the fermentation process, Checking the suitability of raw material for preparing pharmaceutical products, and Checking the

In this method, an individual desired cell is picked up from the mixed culture and allowed to grow. For this purpose following two methods are used: Capillary Pipette Method : In this method (figure), a few small drops of a dilute culture medium are placed on a sterile glass-cover slip using a sterile pipette drawn

Culture is a procedure during which microorganisms are cultivated in a medium; if a culture has the population of a single type of microorganism; it is known as a pure culture. Usually, isolation and growth of pure cultures of single-celled microbes carried under aseptic conditions needs sterilised instruments in addition to filtered and still air.

To cultivate a specific microbe, following methods are used : Methods of Culturing Aerobic Bacteria : An atmosphere having oxygen in ample amount facilitates the growth of aerobic or facultative bacteria. For this, a large surface area of medium is used to increase the exposure. Numerous devices, e.g., Fernbach flask, Kolle flask, and Roux bottle