Some of the phenols discussed below are: Cresols, Resorcinol, and Naphthols. Cresols Cresols (or hydroxytoluene) belonging to the family of methyl phenols have the molecular formula C7H8O. They are aromatic organic compounds which either occur naturally or are manufactured. Cresols are obtained as a mixture of three stereoisomers (molecules having same number and type of
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Aromatic compounds are organic compounds resembling benzene in their chemical behaviour and possess certain characteristic properties different from those of aliphatic and alicyclic compounds. These characteristic properties are collectively known as aromatic character or aromaticity. Aromatic compounds possess the following important properties: Normally these compounds are cyclic. These compounds have high degree of unsaturation still
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From moderate to severe, sickle cell anemia symptoms might differ from person to person. While some individuals with sickle cell anemia may not show symptoms until later in life, others may have persistent and serious symptoms. The most common symptoms of sickle cell anemia include: Pain : Anywhere in the body can experience painful episodes,
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Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary condition that alters the structure of the body’s red blood cells. Red blood cells in people with sickle cell anemia have defective haemoglobin molecules, which gives the cells a crescent or sickle shape. These aberrant cells have the potential to lodge themselves in tiny blood vessels, restricting oxygen and
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There are several physical signs of stress, including: Muscle tension: Muscle tension brought on by stress can result in headaches, back or neck discomfort, and general body pains. Fatigue: Chronic stress can make you physically and mentally exhausted. People may experience fatigue, sluggishness, and low energy. Digestive problems: Digestive problems like stomach aches, bloating, constipation,
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A uncommon viral illness called monkeypox mostly affects isolated regions of Central and West Africa. Monkeypox symptoms are comparable to smallpox symptoms but are less severe. Fever, headache, muscle aches, backaches, swollen lymph nodes, chills, and tiredness are some of the early signs of monkeypox. A rash appears within a few days, frequently starting on
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Immobilised enzymes are used in pharmaceutical industries for manufacturing drugs. These enzymes can be used for: Production of antibiotics, Production of steroids, Production of amino acids, Production of acids, Production of other organic compounds, and Analytical applications. Production of Antibiotics Immobilised enzymes are used for producing 6-amino penicillanic acid, penicillins, cephalosporins, etc. on a commercial
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The pharmaceutical applications of biotechnology are: Medicine: Modern biotechnology finds promising applications in medicine as in: Drug Production: Most of the traditional pharmaceutical drugs used for treating the symptoms of a disease are simpler molecules found through trials and errors. Small molecules are manufactured chemically, but the larger ones are created by human cells, bacterial
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The cell culture methods are either applied to free-living organisms (bacteria or eukaryotic microorganisms), or to cells removed from multicellular tissues. Cells can be cultured for a prolonged time if they split regularly. After that the growth medium is replaced and the cells are diluted (after first detaching them by trypsin of NaOH from the support).
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Animal cell culturing is more difficult than microbial culturing because animal cells demand more nutrients and should be attached to specially coated surfaces for their growth. Still there are various undifferentiated and differentiated animal cell types which have been cultured. The nine amino acids, known as the essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
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