Symbols are used for components in electrical circuit diagrams and some of the more common ones are shown in Fig. Read More Topics Electrical / electronic system block diagram Electrical potential and e.m.f Types of solar collectors for heat Hydro electric power plant classification
Standard Symbols for Electrical Components Read More »
An electrical / electronic system is a group of components connected together to perform a desired function. Figure shows a simple public address system, where a microphone is used to collect acoustic energy in the form of sound pressure waves and converts this to electrical energy in the form of small voltages and currents; the
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When a direct current of I amperes is flowing in an electric circuit and the voltage across the circuit is V volts, then power, in watts P =VI Electrical energy = Power × time = VIt joules Although the unit of energy is the joule, when dealing with large amounts of energy, the unit used
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The unit of electric resistance is the ohm(Ω), where one ohm is one volt per ampere. It is defined as the resistance between two points in a conductor when a constant electric potential of one volt applied at the two points produces a current flow of one ampere in the conductor. Thus, [latex] \begin{aligned} \text
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The unit of electric potential is the volt (V), where one volt is one joule per coulomb. One volt is defined as the difference in potential between two points in a conductor which, when carrying a current of one ampere, dissipates a power of one watt, i.e. [latex] \begin{aligned} \text { volts } & =\frac{\text
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Immobilised enzymes are used in pharmaceutical industries for manufacturing drugs. These enzymes can be used for: Production of antibiotics, Production of steroids, Production of amino acids, Production of acids, Production of other organic compounds, and Analytical applications. Production of Antibiotics Immobilised enzymes are used for producing 6-amino penicillanic acid, penicillins, cephalosporins, etc. on a commercial
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The pharmaceutical applications of biotechnology are: Medicine: Modern biotechnology finds promising applications in medicine as in: Drug Production: Most of the traditional pharmaceutical drugs used for treating the symptoms of a disease are simpler molecules found through trials and errors. Small molecules are manufactured chemically, but the larger ones are created by human cells, bacterial
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The cell culture methods are either applied to free-living organisms (bacteria or eukaryotic microorganisms), or to cells removed from multicellular tissues. Cells can be cultured for a prolonged time if they split regularly. After that the growth medium is replaced and the cells are diluted (after first detaching them by trypsin of NaOH from the support).
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Animal cell culturing is more difficult than microbial culturing because animal cells demand more nutrients and should be attached to specially coated surfaces for their growth. Still there are various undifferentiated and differentiated animal cell types which have been cultured. The nine amino acids, known as the essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
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Microbial stability testing involves the following five steps: Sampling : The number of containers to be used and volume to be tested are specified in the Pharmacopoeia. Samples of aseptically manufactured product are collected in the beginning of, during, and end of batch fill, and also after any kind of interventions and stoppages. Samples from
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