Automatic Voltage Regulator The function of an electric power system is to convert energy from one of the naturally available forms to electrical form and to transport it to the points of consumption automatic voltage regulator. A properly designed and operated power system should, therefore, meet the following fundamental requirements. Adequate ‘spinning reserve’ must be
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Sensors and Transducers Sensors transducers are devices which produce proportional output signal (mechanical, electrical magnetic, ctc.) when exposed to a physical phenomenon (pressure, temperature, displacement, force, etc.). Many devices require sensors for accurate measurement of pressure, position, speed, acceleration or volume. Transducers are devices which converts an input of one form of energy into an
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A control system in mechatronics refers to a group of physical component connected or related in such a manner as to command direct or regulate it selfe or another system. The physical components may be of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, thermal or chemical in nature. Several key terms & elements of the control system are
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Introduction to Real Power Frequency Control Real or Active power frequency control is one of the important control actions to be performed during normal operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing load, in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a tolerable limit of ±5%. A change
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By using integral controller to the governor mechanism, the frequency control loop must be characterised by a sufficient degree of stability. Integral of the generators of the control are should divide the total load for optimum economy can be met only by optimal dispatch equation. Frequency error = 0 for a step load charge The
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Introduction – Power System In general, each generating plans in any power system may have more than one generating unit. Each of the unit may have identical or different capacities. A number of power plants can be tied together to supply the system load by means of interconnection of the generating stations. Interconnected electric power
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Need for Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Power System A power system is said to be well designed if it gives a good quality of reliable supply, which means that the voltage levels must be within reasonable limits. Practically, all the equipment on the power system are designed to operate satisfactorily within voltage regulation variations
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INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN USING COMPENSATORS – Linear System Design The control systems are designed to perform specific tasks in linear system design. The requirements of a control system are usually specified as performance specifications. The specifications are generally related to accuracy, relative stability and speed of response. In time domain, the transient state performance specifications
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Introduction Avalanche Photodiode At the output end of an optical transmission line, avalanche photodiode there must be a receiving device which interprets the information contained in the optical signal. The first element of this receiver is a photodetector. The photodetector senses the luminescent power falling upon it and converts the variation of this optical power
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Single-Mode Fiber Connectors Because of the wide use of single mode fiber connectors optic links and because of the greater alignment precision required for these systems, this section addresses single-mode connector coupling losses. Based on the gaussian-beam model of single-mode fiber fields the following equation gives the coupling loss (in decibels) between single-mode fibers that
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