WDM – Wavelength Division Multiplexing A distinctive operational feature of an (WDM wavelength division multiplexing) optical fiber is that there is a wide spectral region in which optical signals can be transmitted efficiently. For full- spectrum fibers this region includes the O-band through the L-band, which ranges from about 1260 to 1675 nm. Since the
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Concepts and Components Read More »
Underwater Welding Process Underwater welding process usually refers to the wet welding technique where there is no mechanical barrier that separates the welding are from water. It is also known as submerged water arc welding. For deep water welds and other applications where high strength is necessary, dry water welding is most commonly used. It
Underwater Welding Process and Classification Read More »
INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN USING COMPENSATORS – Linear System Design The control systems are designed to perform specific tasks in linear system design. The requirements of a control system are usually specified as performance specifications. The specifications are generally related to accuracy, relative stability and speed of response. In time domain, the transient state performance specifications
Linear System Design Control Systems Read More »
Optical Receiver Operation Having discussed the characteristics and operation of photodetectors in the previous chapter, we now turn our attention to the optical receiver operation. An optical receiver consists of a photodetector, an amplifier, and signal processing circuitry. The receiver has the task of first converting the optical energy emerging from the end of a
Optical Receiver Operation – Fiber Communications Read More »
INTROCDUCTION to THERMAL ENERGY BASED PROCESSES In these methods, Thermal energy based process heat energy is concentrated on a small area of the workpiece to melt and vaporize the tiny bits of work material. The required shape is obtained by the continued repetition of this process. Example: Electron Beam Machining (EBM) Laser Beam Machining
Thermal Energy Based Process – Machining Process Read More »
HYDRAULICS SYATEM The Hydraulics system of interest to control engineers may be classified into, Liquid Level system and Hydraulics devices The liquid level system consists of storage tanks and connecting pipes. The variables to be controlled are liquid height in tanks and flow rate in pipes. The driving force is the relative difference of the
Hydraulics System and Models of Control Systems Read More »
Introduction Chemical Machining Process (CHM) In chemical energy methods, Chemical Machining Process the metal is removed from the workpiece through controlled etching of the workpiece material in contact with a chemical solution. Example: Chemical Matching (CHM) In Electro chemical energy methods, material is removed by ion displacement of the workpiece material in contact with a
Chemical Machining Process (CHM) – Energy Based Process Read More »
Solid state welding is a group of welding processes which produces coalescence at temperature below the melting point of base materials being welded without the addition of brazing filler metal. Metallurgical bond is created without melting the base metals. In this welding, heat may or may not be applied. These processes are sometimes called solid
Solid State Welding Process and Advantages Read More »
Introduction Avalanche Photodiode At the output end of an optical transmission line, avalanche photodiode there must be a receiving device which interprets the information contained in the optical signal. The first element of this receiver is a photodetector. The photodetector senses the luminescent power falling upon it and converts the variation of this optical power
Avalanche Photodiode in Optical Fiber Communication Read More »
Introduction to User Defined Functions We have mentioned earlier that one of the strengths of C language is C User Defined Functions. They are easy to and use. We have used functions in every program that we have discussed so far. However, they define have been primarily limited the three functions, namely, main, printf, and
User Defined Functions – Programming Language C Read More »