Industrial fermenter are either of anaerobic or aerobic classes. Anaerobic fermenters do not require much special equipment, except for the removal of heat generated during the fermentation process; on the contrary, aerobic fermenters require much elaborate equipment for adequate mixing and aeration. The industrial fermentation processes are mostly aerobic, thus a typical aerobic fermenter is
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E.M. Southern invented the technique of southern blotting. This method is useful in molecular biology. In this method, hybridisation analysis is performed by transferring the DNA from a gel to a membrane. The DNA is cleaved using suitable restriction enzymes and made to run on a gel. Then it is treated with sodium hydroxide that
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ELISA is a solid-phase enzyme immunobinding assay, and the most essential of the immune-enzyme assays. In this method, the antigen is attached to an antibody anchored on a solid phase (polystyrene or polyvinylchloride). This helps in retaining the immunological as well as the enzymatic activity. ELISA can be used for quantitating antibody or antigen using
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The method of western blot was discovered by George Stark at Stanford, and the name western blot was laid down by W. Neal Burnette. This method, also known as immunoblot or protein blot, detects specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract. Western blotting is a qualitative and semi-quantitative technique for protein analysis.
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The desired antibodies should be extracted from a media sample of cultured hybridomas or a sample of ascites fluid. The contaminants in the cell culture sample consists of growth factors, hormones, and transferrins. The in vivo sample however, contains host antibodies, proteases, nucleases, nucleic acids, and viruses. Other secretions by the hybridomas (like cytokines) may
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Production of MAbs in culture bottles is low (5−10μg/ml), thus to increase the yield the hybrid cells are grown as ascites in the peritoneal cavity of mice. The ascitic fluid contains 5−20mg of MAb/ml, which is much superior to the in vitro cultivation techniques. Collection of MAbs from ascitic fluid has a heavy risk of contamination by pathogenic
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Many biological preparation become unstable during storage and thus their safety and efficacy are reduced. Proteins and other macromolecules may be sensitive to heat, light, radiation, and environmental changes, or they may interact with the container materials or other components of the vaccine mixture. Determining these relationships and optimising stability from the time of production
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Living organisms are categorised into prokaryotes and eukaryotes based on their cellular features, especially the nature of membrane bound organelles and genetic material organisation. The genetic materials in prokaryotes as well as in eukaryotes are organised into chromosomes. Although the term chromosome is applicable in eukaryotes only, yet the prokaryotic genetic materials are also described
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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) encodes the MHC proteins present on the plasma membrane of all human tissue/cells. MHC is a tightly linked group of genes located on chromosome 6 in humans. MHC proteins are involved in intercellular recognition of foreign substance (antigen) to T-lymphocytes. Haplotypes is the term used for a group of linked MHC
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Antibody mediated immunity refers to the destruction of antigens by producing antibodies, and as the antibodies are present in body fluids (humours), this type of immunity is also called humoral immunity. B-cells cannot bring about humoral immune response but needs the cooperation of other cells such as macrophages (f), T-helper cells (TH), and dendritic cells possessing high
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