In cooling towers, the warm water is discharged from the condenser and fed the cooled water back to the condenser. The rate of evaporation of water in cooling tower and subsequent reduction in water temperature depend upon the following parameters. The exposive time. Amount of water surface exposed. Relative humidity of air. Velocity of air
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In the file related examples so far we have not concerned ourselves with error situations. In particular, we have assumed that the error handling in file we opened for reading already existed, and that those opened for writing could be created or appended to. We’ve also assumed that there were no failures during reading or
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Most programs need to save data to disk file I/O and read it back in. Working with disk file I/O requires another set of classes: ifstream for input, fstream for both input and output, and of stream for output. Objects of these classes can be associated with disk files, and we can use their member
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In the STATIC example in before chapter, “Objects and Classes,” we introduced static data members. As you may recall, a static data member is not duplicated for each object; rather a single data item is shared by all objects of a class. The STATIC example showed a class that kept track of how many objects
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In this section we’ll introduce a new kind of unified modeling language UML diagram: the state diagram (also called the statechart diagram). The UML class diagrams we examined in earlier chapters show relationships between classes. Class diagrams reflect the organization of the program’s code. They are static diagrams, in that these relationships (such as association
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Our next example demonstrates an array of pointers to objects, and shows how to sort these pointers based on data in the object. This involves the idea of pointer to pointer, and may help demonstrate why people lose sleep over pointers. The idea in the next program is to create an array of pointers to
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Memory Management : We’ve seen many examples where arrays are used to set aside memory. The statement int arr1[100]; reserves memory for 100 integers. Arrays are a useful approach to data storage, but they have a serious drawback: We must know at the time we write the program how big the array will be. We
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Before we noted that there are three ways to pass arguments to a function: by value, by reference, and by pointer. If the passing pointers to functions in C++ is intended to modify variables in the calling program, these variables cannot be passed by value, since the function obtains only a copy of the variable.
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There is a close association between pointers and arrays. “Arrays and Strings,” how array elements are accessed. The following program, ARRNOTE, provides a review. // arrnote.cpp // array accessed with array notation #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { //array int intarray[5] = { 31, 54, 77, 52, 93 }; for(int j=0; j<5; j++)
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Object oriented software is different than conventional software. There are potentially many benefits to object oriented development. Among these benefits are simplification of requirements, design, and implementation. These benefits are achieved by modeling the problem domain with objects that represent the important entities, by encapsulating the functions with the data, by reusing objects within a
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