Simple Structure MS-DOS written to provide the most functionality in the least space, Operating System Structures. Not divided into modules Although MS-DOS has some structure, its interfaces and levels of functionality are not well separated Layered Approach The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of lower layers.
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API, an abbreviation of application program interface, is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications. A good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all the building blocks. A programmer then puts the blocks together. Most operating environments, such as MS-Windows, provide an API so that programmers can
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Overloading binary operators can be overloaded just as easily as unary operators. We’ll look at examples that overload arithmetic operators, comparison operators, and arithmetic assignment operators. Arithmetic Operators In the ENGLCON program in before we showed how two English Distance objects could be added using a member function add_dist(): dist3.add_dist(dist1, dist2); By overloading binary operators
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Let’s start off by overloading a unary operators. unary operators act on only one operand. (An operand is simply a variable acted on by an operator.) Examples of unary operators are the increment and decrement operators ++ and –, and the unary minus, as in -33. “Objects and Classes,” we created a class Counter to
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We noted at the beginning of this chapter that two kinds of strings are commonly used in C++: C-strings and strings that are objects of the string class. In this section we’ll describe the first kind, which fits the theme of the chapter in that C-strings are arrays of type char. We call these strings
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We’ve seen how an object can contain an array. We can also reverse that situation and create an arrays of objects. We’ll look at two situations: an array of English distances and a deck of cards. Arrays of English Distances “Objects and Classes,” we showed several examples of an English Distance class that incorporated feet
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An agile process reduces the agility and cost of change because software is released in increments and change can be better controlled within an increment. Agility argue that a well designed agile process “flattens” the cost of change curve shown in following figure, allowing a software team to accommodate changes late in a software project
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The best software process is personal and team process model one that is close to the people who will be doing the work. Watts Humphrey proposed two process models. Models “Personal Software Process (PSP)” and “Team Software Process (TSP).” Both require hard work, training, and coordination, but both are achievable. Personal Software Process (PSP) The
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Unified process (UP) is an architecture centric, use case driven, iterative and incremental development process. UP is also referred to as the unified software development process. The Unified Process is an attempt to draw on the best features and characteristics of traditional software process models, but characterize them in a way that implements many of
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Component Based Development The component based development model incorporates many of the characteristics of the spiral model. It is evolutionary in nature, Specialized process model demanding an iterative approach to the creation of software. However, the component based development model constructs applications from prepackaged software components. Modeling and construction activities begin with the identification of
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