As the transport layer is built on top of the network layer, it is important to know the key features of the network layer service. There are two types of network layer services : connectionless and connection oriented. The connectionless network layer service is the most widespread. Its main characteristics are : the connectionless network
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What are the main methods supported by the first version of the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) defined in RFC 1945? What are the main types of replies sent by a http server? System administrators who are responsible for web servers often want to monitor these servers and check that they are running correctly. As a
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The Domain Name System (DNS) plays a key role in the Internet today as it allows applications to use fully qualified domain names (FQDN) instead of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. Many tools allow to perform queries through DNS servers. For this exercise, we will use dig which is installed on most Unix systems. A typical
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In contrast with OSI, the TCP/IP community did not spend a lot of effort defining a detailed reference model; in fact, the goals of the Internet architecture were only documented after TCP/IP reference model had been deployed. which defines the requirements for Internet hosts, mentions four different layers. Starting from the top, these are :
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Our reference model is divided into five layers, as shown in the figure below. Starting from the bottom, the first layer is the Physical layer. Two communicating devices are linked through a physical medium. This physical medium is used to transfer an electrical or optical signal between two directly connected devices. Several types of physical
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The first textual robot language was WAVE, developed in 1973 as an experimental language for research at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Research involving a robot interfaced to a machine vision system was accomplished using the WAVE language. The research demonstrated the feasibility of robot hand-eye coordination. Development of a subsequent language began in 1974
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These functions handles the data in binary from. This means that the values are stored in the desk file in the same format in which they are stored in the internal memory. The binary format is more accurate for storing numbers as they are stored in the exact internal representation. There are no conversions while
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For instance, one of the following things may happen when dealing with the files A file which we are attempting to open to reading does not exist. The file name used or a new file may already exist. We may attempt an invalid operation such as reading past the end of file. There may not
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The class template can also be declared for a class having operator overloaded member functions. The syntax for declaring operator overloaded functions is the same as class template members and overloaded functions. //template class for operator overloading complex class #include <iostream.h> template<class T> class Complex { T real, T imag; void getdata() { cin>>real>>imag ;}
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