In Hydro electric power plants the energy of water is utilized to move the turbine which intern run the electric generators. Hydraulic energy is converted into Mechanical energy by the turbines, when coupled with generator produces the power. Features of Hydro electric power plants: Large investments Long gestation period Increased cost of power transmission Hydro
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Construction details : An electrical comparator consists of the following three major parts such as Transducer Display device as meter Amplifier Transducer : An iron armature is provided in between two coils held by a leaf spring at one end. The other end is supported against a plunger. The two a coils act as two
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Steam is an important medium for producing mechanical energy. A steam power plant continuously converts the energy stored in fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). Steam has the advantage that it can be raised from water which is available in abundance. The steam power stations are very much suitable where coal is available in
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Vapour compression refrigeration system uses a liquefiable vapour as the refrigerant. In this system, the refrigerant used alternatively undergoes a change of phase from vapour to liquid and liquid to vapour during the cycle. In this, the isentropic expansion of Carnot cycle is replaced by a throttling process, expansion in a valve or capillary tube.
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Advantages of Stirling engines They can run directly on any available heat source, not just one produced by combustion, so they can run on heat from solar, geothermal, biological, nuclear sources or waste heat from industrial processes. A continuous combustion process can be used to supply heat, so most types of emissions can be reduced.
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In general the lap and wave winding consists of a number of coils connected in series and number of such series circuits are connected in parallel. The coils are diamond shaped and are made in special forming machines. The coils may be single turn or multi turn coil, and a turn consists of two conductors.
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A design of transformers consists of two windings coupled through a magnetic medium. The two windings work at different voltage level. The two windings of the transformer are called High voltage winding and Low voltage winding. Both the windings are wound on a common core. One of the winding is connected to ac supply and
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Data manipulation instructions enable the PLCs to take on additional characteristics that are beyond the conventional relay equivalent instruction. It allows the movement, manipulation or storage of data in either single or multi-word groups from one data memory area of the PLC to another. Therefore, data manipulation can be divided into many categories Data transfer
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Power System Security A power system security in the manual operating condition may face a contingency condition, such as a generating unit may go out of order, an important line may be tripped off, and the demand may undergo a large change from the forecasted value and so on. Although many such contingencies can occur,
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Tap Changing Transformer All power Tap changing transformer on transmission lines are provided with taps for control of secondary voltage. The tap changing transformers do not control voltage by regulating the flow of reactive VARs but by changing transformation ratio. There are two types of tap changing transformers. (a) Off-load tap changing transformers. (b) On-load
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