The pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine and now in common use. Leston A Pelton, an American engineer during 1880, developed this turbine. Fig shows the schematic arrangement of a pelton wheel. Pelton wheel consists of the following main parts. Penstock Spear and nozzle Runner with buckets Brake nozzle Outer casing Governing mechanism
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Water is the cheapest source of power. A hydro-electric power plant is aimed at harnessing from water flowing under pressure. In hydroelectric power plants, the energy of water are utilized to drive the turbine hydro or waterpower is important only next to the thermal power. Hydroelectric power was initiated in India in 1897 near Darjeeling.
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In cooling towers, the warm water is discharged from the condenser and fed the cooled water back to the condenser. The rate of evaporation of water in cooling tower and subsequent reduction in water temperature depend upon the following parameters. The exposive time. Amount of water surface exposed. Relative humidity of air. Velocity of air
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In the file related examples so far we have not concerned ourselves with error situations. In particular, we have assumed that the error handling in file we opened for reading already existed, and that those opened for writing could be created or appended to. We’ve also assumed that there were no failures during reading or
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Most programs need to save data to disk file I/O and read it back in. Working with disk file I/O requires another set of classes: ifstream for input, fstream for both input and output, and of stream for output. Objects of these classes can be associated with disk files, and we can use their member
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In the STATIC example in before chapter, “Objects and Classes,” we introduced static data members. As you may recall, a static data member is not duplicated for each object; rather a single data item is shared by all objects of a class. The STATIC example showed a class that kept track of how many objects
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In this section we’ll introduce a new kind of unified modeling language UML diagram: the state diagram (also called the statechart diagram). The UML class diagrams we examined in earlier chapters show relationships between classes. Class diagrams reflect the organization of the program’s code. They are static diagrams, in that these relationships (such as association
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Our next example demonstrates an array of pointers to objects, and shows how to sort these pointers based on data in the object. This involves the idea of pointer to pointer, and may help demonstrate why people lose sleep over pointers. The idea in the next program is to create an array of pointers to
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Memory Management : We’ve seen many examples where arrays are used to set aside memory. The statement int arr1[100]; reserves memory for 100 integers. Arrays are a useful approach to data storage, but they have a serious drawback: We must know at the time we write the program how big the array will be. We
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Before we noted that there are three ways to pass arguments to a function: by value, by reference, and by pointer. If the passing pointers to functions in C++ is intended to modify variables in the calling program, these variables cannot be passed by value, since the function obtains only a copy of the variable.
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