On the basis of size of heterocyclic rings, classification of these compounds is done into following types: Five-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds: These are five membered ring compounds consisting of one hetero atom and four carbon atom. Six-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds: These compounds contain six atom ring in which five atoms are carbon while one is hetero atom.
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Conformational isomers or rotamers are infinite numbers of momentary arrangements of groups or atoms in space that results due to the rotation about a single bond. Factors affecting conformational stability of a molecule are: Steric Strain: Steric strain or Van der Waal’s strain is developed when distance between two non-bonded atoms is less than the
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In stereospecific reactions, one stereoisomer of the product is obtained if one stereoisomer of the reactant is present, while different stereoisomers of product are obtained when different stereoisomer of the reactant are present. Thus for determining whether a reaction is stereospecific or not, one has to analyse the product ratio from the different stereoisomer of
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Conformational isomerism: Isomers resulting from different arrangements of the atoms in space due to the rotation of groups around C-C bond axis are known as conformational isomers. The study of these confirmations or conformational isomers is known as conformational analysis which involves analysis of the shapes that molecules can adopt by rotation about single bond.
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Following nomenclature system are used for naming of geometrical isomers: cis and trans nomenclature, E and Z nomenclature, and Syn and Anti nomenclature. cis and trans Nomenclature In a molecule having a carbon-carbon double bond, with four groups or atoms directly attached to the two carbon atoms, where all atoms are present in the same plane thus
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