Santhakumar Raja

Immobilised enzymes are used in pharmaceutical industries for manufacturing drugs. These enzymes can be used for: Production of antibiotics, Production of steroids, Production of amino acids, Production of acids, Production of other organic compounds, and Analytical applications. Production of Antibiotics Immobilised enzymes are used for producing 6-amino penicillanic acid, penicillins, cephalosporins, etc. on a commercial

The pharmaceutical applications of biotechnology are: Medicine: Modern biotechnology finds promising applications in medicine as in: Drug Production: Most of the traditional pharmaceutical drugs used for treating the symptoms of a disease are simpler molecules found through trials and errors. Small molecules are manufactured chemically, but the larger ones are created by human cells, bacterial

The cell culture methods are either applied to free-living organisms (bacteria or eukaryotic microorganisms), or to cells removed from multicellular tissues. Cells can be cultured for a prolonged time if they split regularly. After that the growth medium is replaced and the cells are diluted (after first detaching them by trypsin of NaOH from the support).

Microbial stability testing involves the following five steps: Sampling : The number of containers to be used and volume to be tested are specified in the Pharmacopoeia. Samples of aseptically manufactured product are collected in the beginning of, during, and end of batch fill, and also after any kind of interventions and stoppages. Samples from

Antimicrobial preservatives are added to non-sterile dosage forms to protect them from microbial growth or from microorganisms that are introduced inadvertently during or after the manufacturing process. Antimicrobial preservatives should be added if sterile articles are packaged in multiple-dose containers, thus they inhibit the growth of microorganisms introduced from repeated withdrawal of individual doses. Preservatives

Microbial contamination and spoilage are assessed by the following methods: Physical and Chemical Changes: Microbial contamination and spoilage in various pharmaceutical formulations can be identified by the physical and chemical changes (like change in viscosity, pH, emulsion stability, and loss of surface activity) occurring in it. Amount of oxygen consumed by the available product indicates

Microbiological assays were used for quantitation of amino acids since many years as they were the most reliable, and specific available tests. They can be used for any type of biological material; however sometimes they are affected by the activators or inhibitors present in the material being standardised. These inexpensive methods are used for analysing

This method relies on the diffusion of an antibiotic from a vertical cavity or a cylinder 2 through the solidified agar layer in a petri plate. The growth of test microorganisms is observed to be inhibited in a circular area or zone around the cavity containing antibiotic solution. The steps involved in cup-plate method are