March 2023

Transmission electron microscope utilise an electron beam which passes through and interacts with an ultra-thin sample to produce an image, which is then magnified and focused on an imaging device (a fluorescent screen), on a photographic film layer, or is detected with a sensor (a CCD camera). Max Kroll and Ernst Ruska designed the first

Scanning electron microscopy utilises electron beam for producing high-resolution images of sample surfaces. It forms 3-D view of the sample. It also gives the surface topography of the sample with sufficient clarity and depth of field. The most common SEM mode is detection of the secondary electrons emitted by the atoms excited by the electron

The term growth in microbiology indicates the magnitude of total population. Microbial growth measurement is essential for: Determining the growth and reproduction rate, Determining the suitability of water, milk, and food for human consumption, Counting microflora of soil, Monitoring the fermentation process, Checking the suitability of raw material for preparing pharmaceutical products, and Checking the